Mutah Journal of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences
Mutah Journal of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences ISSN : 1021-6812 On Line ISSN: 3006-8657 Mutah Journal of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences (MJNAHS) is an international, interdisciplinary, bilingual, double-blind peer-reviewed, and open-access academic journal. MJNAHS is published regularly by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Mutah University. It publishes Tow issues per one volume every year, and each issue consists of 5 articles. It is supervised by an editorial board and an international advisory board that have specialized scholars in different fields of humanities and social sciences. (MJNAHS) publishes original articles in Arabic and English that contribute to promoting knowledge in all disciplines of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences. All submitted manuscripts are subject to strict criteria that include technical editing and peer reviewing by two reviewers to assure research originality and validity. (MJNAHS) has enjoyed a leading reputation locally and regionally over the past three decades. It has become an accredited journal for the purpose of promotion of researchers and academicians in all public and private universities, in Jordan in particular and in the Arab World in general To ensure the quality and orginality of the research published in the journal, MJNAHS follows strict criteria and procedures that guarantee the quality and the integrity of the research accepted for publication.
Publisher Mutah University Deanship of Academic Research (DAR)
Caffeine consumption among university students in Jordan: a cross-sectional study using a self-administered online questionnaire
Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant from the methylxanthine family, and its consumption has notably increased among Arab youth. Despite this trend, empirical studies addressing caffeine consumption patterns among university students in Jordan remain limited. Therefore, this study aims to assess caffeine consumption patterns among Jordanian university students to evaluate their daily caffeine intake in relation to the safe intake level recommended by the European Food Safety Authority. A cross-sectional study was conducted, using a questionnaire structured via Google Forms, and distributed randomly through social media platforms. A total of 400 participants were recruited and completed the questionnaire between March and May 2025. The results showed that the students consumed products containing caffeine. Caffeine consumption was more prevalent among females (70.1%) than among males (29.9%). Coffee was the primary contributor to caffeine intake for both males and females. Participants reported consuming caffeine mainly to enhance academic performance (50.7%), for its unique flavor (50.1%), and to overcome drowsiness (46%). Overall, 46.8% of the participants reported daily caffeine consumption exceeding the safe level of caffeine (400 mg/day). These findings indicate that a considerable percentage of university students consume caffeine at high levels, highlighting the need for awareness and educational initiatives to warn students about the potential health consequences of excessive caffeine consumption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutah Journal of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences
Forecasting the overall number of felony offenders in the State of Kuwait using time series models
Time Series Analysis Techniques are fundamental in developing effective strategies for security planning, particularly in the field of crime prevention and control, as these methods significantly support security decision-making processes. This study aims to explore the application of time series models, with a focus on the ARIMA model, to forecast the total number of felony offenders in the State of Kuwait. The researcher relies on annual data published by the Research and Studies Center of Kuwait Ministry of Interior, covering the period from 1992 to 2022. The performance of various ARIMA models was evaluated using R-squared, Bayesian Information Criterion – Normalized (NBIC), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) criteria. The study concluded that the optimal model is ARIMA (1,0,0). Based on this model, forecasts were made for the total number of felony offenders for the period from 2023 to 2030.
Experimental investigation on ion separation using a ceramic Nanofiltration membrane: influence of trans-membrane pressure and solution concentration on ion rejection
The current research intends to conduct an experimental work to study the removal efficiency of Magnesium (Mg2+), Potassium (K1+), Sodium (Na1+), Bromide (Br1-) and Chloride (Cl1-) ions from different prepared solutions using a ceramic Nanofiltration (NF) membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 1 kDa. Specifically, the solutions are prepared using double ions and triple ions and the filtration is conducted using different operating conditions of the trans-membrane pressure (TMP) and ions concentrations. In this regard, the TMP ranges between 1 to 5 bar and the ion concentration ranged between 0.01 to 1.0 M (equivalent to 1.0 to 1000 mol/m3). The results demonstrate that the highest ion rejection can be attained with the maximum applied TMP. However, this is not the case for the NaBr and KBr solutions, demonstrating the reverse action. Variable ion rejection patterns are experimentally identified in the current research, which varies between 90% to 99.7%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mutah Journal of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences
Linear Atrophoderma of Moulin: A Case Report Highlighting Response to Methotrexate
Linear Atrophoderma of Moulin (LAM) is a rare dermatologic condition characterized by linear, hyperpigmented or hypopigmented atrophic lesions that follow Blaschko’s lines. Typically emerging in childhood or early adulthood, Linear Atrophoderma of Moulin remains poorly understood, with few cases reported in the literature. It is often misdiagnosed due to clinical overlap with other dermatoses, particularly Linear Morphea. While the disease is generally benign, it can cause cosmetic and functional issues. No standardized treatment exists, and therapeutic responses vary. We report the case of a 22-year-old female who presented with a 17-year history of unilateral hyperpigmented and mildly atrophic patches on her left side, including the arm, breast, trunk, and leg. These lesions followed Blaschko’s lines and were accompanied by occasional calf pain and weakness. There was no history of inflammation, systemic symptoms, or relevant family history. Previous misdiagnoses included eczema and psoriasis, with no response to conventional treatments. A skin biopsy revealed basal layer hyperpigmentation, dermal collagen thickening, and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates, supporting a diagnosis of Linear Atrophoderma of Moulin. The patient was treated with oral methotrexate (20 mg weekly) and topical therapy consisting of betamethasone and calcipotriene. This treatment was maintained for one year under regular clinical monitoring. The patient showed significant clinical improvement, including reduced calf pain, diminished weakness, and noticeable fading of hyperpigmented lesions, no new lesions developed during treatment. However, three months after discontinuation of methotrexate, new lesions appeared and symptoms recurred, highlighting the potential need for ongoing management in chronic cases. This case emphasizes recognizing Linear Atrophoderma of Moulin as a distinct clinical entity and differentiating it from mimicking conditions such as Linear Morphea. Methotrexate, in combination with topical corticosteroid and vitamin D analog therapy, appears to offer a promising treatment option. Continued research is essential to establish effective, long-term treatment protocols.
Obesity Knowledge, Practice, and Attitudes among Jordanian Universities Students
Objectives Obesity is a growing epidemic with well-known causes and negative consequences. The goal of this study was to compare the level of obesity knowledge among Jordanian medical and non-medical students across academic years and colleges, as well as to compare it to other studies of a similar nature. Methods This is a cross -sectional KAP- study about obesity involving medical and non-medical students from 15 different colleges representing 19 academic institutions carried out from January 2023 to April 2023. Participants were contacted electronically through a specifically designed questionnaire after IRB approval. Results A total of 507 questionnaires were distributed, with 503 being returned completed, for a response rate of 99.2%. Females and medical students responded significantly more positively than their counterparts on most of the knowledge, attitude, and practice items. (P < 0.05). Discussion Health care professionals have a crucial role in educating public about the risks of obesity and providing guidance and assistance to help them maintain a healthy body weight. Conclusion Females and medical students demonstrated more positive knowledge and attitude than other college students.
Approximations for CDF of Standard Normal
In this paper, new approximations for the standard normal cumulative distribution function have been proposed. We focused on a set of approximations that take the following form, 0.5(Sqrt(1-exp(-A(z))) where A(z) is a polynomial function in z consisting of only two terms. The accuracy of the proposed approximations was compared with the accuracy of some existing approximations in the literature that take the same form. The comparison relied on calculating two well-known measures: the maximum absolute error (MAAE) and the mean absolute error (MEAE). The numerical results showed that the proposed approximations outperformed the approximations that were studied.
A Rich Learning Statistical Lesson in the Cauchy
Cauchy distribution is a good example of a distribution that has many strange properties and is usually used as a counter example to show that some statistical properties are not always true. In this paper, some hidden properties of the Cauchy distribution are highlighted and studied in details. The focus is to closely look at some very interesting properties of the Cauchy distribution that are rarely mentioned in classrooms. Mentioning these properties in classrooms will have a positive effect on students’ attitude toward learning. One of the main properties of the Cauchy distribution is that it has undefined or infinite moments; the odd moments are undefined while the even moments are infinite. For this distribution, the only way to summarize the data is by ordering them (order Statistics); it is the minimal sufficient statistic. The relation of Cauchy to other distributions such as the Normal, and Uniform are highlighted. The above properties several other properties are discussed in details in this paper. We believe that the content of this manuscript will be a real contribution to educational statistics.
Food Safety knowledge and Handling Practices among Jordanian University Students
This study assessed food safety knowledge and practices (KP) among 461 university students in Jordan, comparing health-related and non-health-related students. A cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire evaluated demographics, food safety knowledge, and handling practices. Health-related students scored higher in food safety knowledge with significant differences between them (mean: 4.95 ± 2.32) compared to non-health-related students (mean: 3.73 ± 1.92, p < 0.001). Health-related female students also demonstrated better knowledge (mean: 6.70 ± 1.95) than males (mean: 6.03 ± 2.38, p = 0.008). Significant differences were found, especially among non-health-related students. Common issues included inadequate food storage knowledge and reliance on feel-touch tests instead of thermometers, leading to undercooking and foodborne infections. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic temporarily improved practices, though post-pandemic declines were noted in handwashing and thermometer use. This study highlights the need for targeted interventions, particularly for male students not enrolled in health-related fields. Targeted educational programs and practical training focusing on food safety can significantly improve both knowledge and practice, reducing health risks. Including food safety modules in non-health disciplines can help bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical application.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mutah Journal of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences
The influence of nutrition on brain aging: A Comprehensive Review
Purpose: Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in physiological functions, including those of the brain. As individuals age, cognitive and emotional functionalities are subject to change, Consequently, it is essential to consider both cognitive abilities and emotional functioning when examining the effects of aging on the brain. Objectives: The objective is to synthesize current scientific evidence on the relationship between nutrition and brain aging, with a specific focus on cognitive abilities as a measure of brain function. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted on nine studies. The PRISMA statement standards were adhered to in this systematic review. Findings: The findings showed how important it is for people to change their diets to prevent the onset and progression of various comorbidities and to encourage healthy aging. The findings of the study included in this Comprehensive review indicate that good aging and a higher quality of life may be achieved by abstaining from bad behaviors, particularly those related to food. Conclusions: The current body of study indicates a relationship between nutrition and brain aging, but additional studies are necessary to expand our understanding of these complex interactions and to develop clear dietary recommendations to support cognitive health across the lifespan.
Nutritional Status of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Irbid Governorate, Jordan: A Case-Control Study
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a crucial infertility problem among women in the world; especially Arab women. The main objective of this case-control study was to perform anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and nutritional assessment among PCOS patients. The study population composed of 60 Jordanian women aged 19–39 years, and classified into two groups: 30 were cases (PCOS patients) and 30 were control group (Healthy women). Results of the study indicated that the Body Mass Index (BMI) were significantly higher among PCOS patients than healthy women. Furthermore, significant differences were shown in the mean values of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and (LH): Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (LH:FSH) ratio which were higher among PCOS patients with a p=0.01 and p=0.03, respectively. Also, significant differences between PCOS patients and healthy women were shown for three clinical manifestations of PCOS including infertility, sleep apnea, and eating disorders. Moreover, the findings of the validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) revealed no significant differences between two study groups in the consumption of macronutrients and total energy intake. It is obviously concluded from the study that PCOS is remarkably responsible for substantial variations in anthropometric and biochemical measurements, hormonal levels, and clinical features among PCOS patients.
Perceptions of Occupational Health Hazards Among Jordanian Nurses: A cross-Sectional Study
Occupation health pertains to the health of employees in relation with their workplaces, and is aimed at the prevention of job-related injuries and illnesses. However, given the significance of occupational health and the possible adversarial effects of occupational hazards to the nursing team, there is paucity of evidence on the level of awareness, knowledge and attitudes of nurses towards occupational hazards in the workplace. The aim of this study is to measure levels of perceptions of occupational hazards, and to identify relationships and differences on perceptions of occupational hazards based on sociodemographic characteristics, the study employed cross-sectional, descriptive method. A valid and reliable 13-item questionnaire was used to measure perceptions of occupational hazards. Results showed that nurses had high levels of perceptions of occupational hazards. Nurses with longer lengths of work experiences had higher levels of perceptions of occupational hazards than nurses with shorter lengths of work experiences..the study concluded that hospitals should implement strategies that can support nurses in sustaining high levels of perceptions of occupational hazards, and should find ways to retain nurses within the hospital workforce. Future research can examine personal- and organizational-level factors that can impede or facilitate perceptions of occupational hazards, and explore how perceptions of occupational hazards translate to actual injuries sustained at work, quality of workplace environment, quality of work life, job performance, patient satisfaction, and other relevant organizational and clinical outcomes. Keywords: Nurse; Occupational hazards; Perceptions; Jordan
the CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR STUDENT'S T DISTRIBUTION USING SELECTIVE ORDER STATISTICS
The aim of the present study is to investigate the power and efficiency of the chi-square test for goodness-of-fit (GOF)for Student's t under the Selective Order Statistics (SOS). A simulation study compares the chi-square test's efficiency based on an SOS with its counterpart in a simple random sampling (SRS).The chi-square test is found to be more powerful under the SOS when compared to SRS. However, for the case of median SOS, the test is found to be more powerful under SRS.
إزالة فوسفات البوتاسيوم باستخدام الترشيح النانوي الخزفي
In the current study, the separation and rejection behavior of potassium phosphate salt using NF membrane was studied theoretically and experimentally. The extended Nernst Planck equation was used to describe the NF separation behavior by using silver frost programming language using the version FTN95 model. Besides the modeling; an experimental work was done by preparing K3PO4 solution at concentration of 0.1 and 0.4 M. Where the rejections of K1+ and PO43- ions were obtain at different TMP values ranging between 1 to 5 bars. From theoretical results, it was noticed that the best rejection of K1+ and PO43- ions where at a volumetric fluxes ranging between was 2.5E-06 to 5E-07 m³/m².sec. Experimental results should that the rejection value for of PO43- ions increased as the concentration decreased and TMP increased; which is supported by the theoretical results. In the case of K1+ ion; the higher rejection values as the concentration increased and TMP increased
Copyright (c) 2023 Mutah Journal of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences
Big data: a concept in nursing discipline
Background: Big data is an important concept for the caring disciplines, such as nursing, and medicine, the rapid development of technology has made massive volumes of data available and achievable anytime and anywhere around the world. Methods: The Morse et al. (1996) criteria for concept maturity were used as a framework. A literature review of the big data concept was undertaken to evaluate the logical, epistemological, linguistic, and pragmatic principles. Big data literature was retrieved by searching the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Search terms used were big data, big data analysis, big data and nursing, and data science. Conclusion: Big Data has recently become a popular term among researchers and IT professionals as well as health professionals. Even though the concept meaning is still unclear, but it holds great promise to enhance healthcare quality. Despite that, the concept of big data has been attracting the attention of scholars in the nursing discipline; the lack of a unified definition of the concept limits the use of big data in nursing research. With all its complexity, the concept becoming increasingly more prevalent and affects how nurses learn, practice, conduct research, and develop policy. Consistently defining the concept can help the nurses to prevent, diagnose, and treat health-related issues and enhance healthcare quality
The Effect of Energy Framework in Smart Building Integration into a Smart City
Numerous energy frameworks have been established to assess the criteria for smart buildings. However, most of these frameworks fail to account for the specific standards and needs of individual cities. This study aims to address the gap that exists in many energy frameworks used for evaluating buildings. One of these frameworks, known as the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Framework, has been explored to bridge the gap and establish connections between the domains of buildings and the unique contexts of the cities in which these buildings are situated. As part of this investigation, a case study was conducted on the Arfa Tower in Vilnius, Lithuania. Additionally, a survey study was undertaken to evaluate energy performance in Jordanian buildings, using a questionnaire that encompasses the key aspects of the ICT-Framework. The results of the study revealed significant progress in the areas of smart energy and smart environment. However, there are challenges in the smart data field, primarily due to the absence of data management technology in buildings. In the Jordanian context, the study found that 30% of the participants do not utilize insulation materials, and 43% do not have insulated windows. This implies an increased rate of heat transfer in these buildings. On the other hand, 61% of homes use Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting systems, while 81% still rely on traditional lighting control systems. This suggests a lack of modern technologies like sensors for lighting control. Notably, 51% of the surveyed population had heard about smart building technology techniques; however, they did not fully grasp their significance. This highlights the need for energy associations and government agencies to raise awareness about the importance of modern technology in buildings and to activate energy auditing programs for buildings in Jordan.
The relationship between student satisfaction with the nursing program and emotional status among undergraduate nursing students
It is widely known that nursing students can face emotional challenges due to various factors. However, it is important to investigate how satisfied nursing students are with their program and how it relates to their emotional well-being. This study aims to identify the nursing students' satisfaction level with the nursing program and explore its relationship with their emotional state, a cross-sectional correlation methodology, comprising 273 students from the Faculty of Nursing. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-42 items, alongside the Students' Satisfaction with the Nursing Program Questionnaire, were employed to evaluate their emotional status. The level of satisfaction with the nursing program is low (M=2.19, SD=1.18), and the emotional state disturbance is mild to moderate. There is a positive and statistically significant correlation between students' satisfaction with the nursing program and their emotional status measured by the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale -42, where the Pearson correlation coefficient value was (0.879). The study revealed that students’ satisfaction with the nursing program positively correlated with their emotional status in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress. This finding is alarming regarding the importance of decreasing the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress among nursing students.
An Analytical Comparative Study of Contemporary Minaret Architectural Design in Jordan
Mosque architecture in Jordan has witnessed remarkable development in recent years. Minaret, as an important element in the mosque's design, still has the designers' attention, despite losing its traditional primary function as a place to call for prayer to the surrounding neighborhoods. This research is based on the analysis of twelve selected case studies of mosques designed by Jordanian architects to understand the common architectural trends for minaret design in contemporary mosques by focusing on the analysis of the forms, functions, elements, and characteristics of contemporary minarets. Finally, this paper's results aimed to clarify the features of the transformation of the architectural design of contemporary minarets in Jordan in order to provide a helpful reference for architects, designers, and mosque patrons.
Modelling of CaBr2 Ions Transport Through Ceramic Nanofiltration Membrane
Nernst-Planck equation was used to try to understand the separating behaviour of Ca2+, and Br- ions using nanofiltration membrane. The model was run for different membrane pores, different volumetric flux based on the membrane area values, and different ions concentration; to study the rejection behavior. In general, as the membrane pore radius increased, the rejection of Ca2+ and Br- ions decreased; where the rejection of Ca2+ ion was the higher than the rejection of Br- ion. While the rejections of Ca2+ and Br- ions increased as volumetric flux based on the membrane area increased. On the other hand, the concentration of Br- inside the membrane active layer was the higher than the concentration of Ca2+ ions. Thus the ions rejection is effected by the membrane pore radius beside the volumetric flux based on the membrane area
Investigate the Performance of the Windcatcher in Multi-story Buildings in Hot and Arid Climate by Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation
In today’s world, the importance of carbon and energy conservation is a common issue. Passive systems can be a promising alternative to reduce energy consumption and improve indoor air quality. One of the most common passive traditional strategy used in Egypt is windcatcher, which was used in single or double story buildings in the past to ventilate and cool the building in hot months. In this paper, the potentials of windcatchers as a strategy for passive cooling and natural ventilation during the summer months for multi-story building in Egypt is investigated, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. 3D CFD analysis is performed using Design Builder simulation software to compare the airflow pattern in three different cases; the first case is without a windcatcher, the second case is with a windcatcher on the windward side, and the last case is with two windcatchers one on the windward side and the other on the leeward side. The windcatcher model is incorporated into a 5m х 4m x 3m test room model. Thermal comfort analysis is evaluated based on ASHRAE standard 55. The result shows that the use of more than one windcatcher as an inlet and outlet can improve the thermal comfort and ventilation in the space.
Effect of Water Cement Ratio on the Electrical Conductivity and Piezoelectricity of Cement Paste Cured While Applying Direct Current
Electrical conductivity and piezoelectricity of cement paste are key properties for developing a smart concrete. Applying a static electrical potential on cement paste while curing proved to be effective in altering the aforementioned properties by polarizing the ions in the cement paste. In this study, the effect of the water cement ratio (w/c) on the effectiveness of the static electrical curing technique was tested. Six cement paste specimens (50 × 50 × 50 mm) were self-cured while applying a static electrical potential of 10 V, and another 6 specimens were self-cured without applying electricity to serve as reference. To study the effect of the w/c, 2 different w/c were tested, namely 0.3 and 0.34. The results of the bulk resistivity of the specimens show a reduction of 67% in the resistivity of the specimens that cured while applying electricity when compared to the reference specimens. In addition, the polarized specimens show an improved piezoelectricity behavior. However, there was no significant difference in the behavior of the polarized specimens with different w/c on both the bulk resistivity and the piezoelectricity behavior.
The tremendous world population growth has led to an increase in the global demand for food and the expansion of agricultural activity, which has increased pressure on available water and soil resources, which are already limited. It will become impossible to feed the world’s population in the near future using traditional farming systems and it is important to improve and develop the way we produce our food using more advanced production techniques. It has become imperative to increase food production from current farmland by using fewer inputs to reduce pressure on natural resources without undermining our capacity to produce more food. Hydroponics represents the ideal solution, it is a growing industry that has not yet reached its full potential and has been successfully used in cultivating a variety of crops such as lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, leafy greens, and flowers. In hydroponics, plants are grown without using soil as a growing medium and fertilizers provided through nutrient solutions. Advantages of soilless cultivation is its high yield in a limited area, saving water and fertilizers, and it can also be used in places where it is impossible to carry out any agricultural activity or areas characterized by severe soil degradation. The soilless farming approach represents an enabling response towards more environmentally friendly agriculture and a promising tool in the field of food security. In this review article we tried to explain soilless farming, its benefits, history, components, types, and future.
Investigation of Titanium Alloy Material by Mixing of Plain and Fretting Fatigues
The material failure occurred is categorized into different types such as the fatigue. Fatigue itself can be categorized also into fretting and plain. Several studies have been placed to investigate the material performance under only one condition of these mentioned types. No testing methods were considered in the literature to investigate the required material by mixing of plain and fretting fatigues. Such mixing environment is where most of the parts and system components are subject to in many applications. The aim of this paper is to examine the behavior of the material under the condition of combined plain and fretting fatigues. Experimental study was carried out on Titanium alloy to understand its behavior under combination between plain and fretting fatigue. Five tests were carried out under different cycles load ratio between plain and fretting fatigues. If initially 50% of the cyclic life of fretting fatigue life was applied and then followed by the cycles of plain fatigue till failure occurred, it is found that the plain fatigue has no impact on the life of the material as compared to fretting fatigue. Such observation displays that utmost of the material fretting fatigue life is consumed in the initiation of the crack. Additionally, the cycle ratio between the plain fatigue and the fretting fatigue has a huge effect on the material fatigue life. For example, when the ratio decreases, the impact of the fretting fatigue increases which in turn results in the reduction of the fatigue life. This work was conducted considering only a constant contact applied load, hence it is imperative to consider variable contact load to inspect the life of the material with mixing of both plain and fretting fatigues.