Jordan Journal of Energy

Damping Undammed Low Frequency Oscillations in Power Systems: An ANN-Based Approach Using Pre-Disturbance Data

Mohammad Al-Momani — 2023-09-25

The paper examines undammed low frequency oscillations (LFOs) that can lead to system collapse, citing the Jordan power network incident on May 21, 2021. Traditional model-based methods for studying LFOs' small-signal stability have limitations. To address this, an online damping controller based on an artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed. Unlike existing ANN-based methods relying on offline controllers, this novel approach utilizes pre-disturbance data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) to dampen oscillations effectively. The paper addresses challenges of partially observable systems in online eigenvalue prediction using ANN. MATLAB is used to implement a feedforward ANN system trained on PMU data. The study involves a three-area test system with various operational scenarios, training the ANN across 406 scenarios to predict eigenvalues and damp LFOs.

Developing a Cybersecurity Risk Management Framework for Non-Technical Losses in National Power Distribution Companies

Abdel Rahman Alzoubaidi — 2023-09-25

Traditionally, power companies are the driving force behind a country’s economy and disturbances in its services have severe effects. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) grids are vulnerable to network & web security attacks. The objective of this study is to pinpoint the risk mitigation measures that should be integrated into the electric power advanced metering grids of Jordan. The study investigates and proposes a Risk Management Framework (RMF) to minimize the risks of power fraudulent activity. AMI is vulnerable to electricity losses and hence the need to develop a system that would help mitigate this risk. To develop the RMF, we integrate security and privacy into the management activities, to assist in the organizational preparation of the processes and technologies needed for the ongoing energy system IT and OT convergence and digital transformation poses more cybersecurity concerns and essential requirements. We used the Quantitative Risk Management process utilizing the NIST RMF standards for financial risk impacts mitigation of energy losses in the AMI grid. The dependencies and influences between the dimensions considered are investigated, information gathering, and the collection of work data were carried out and used for quantitative analysis. This paper presents a pilot project study in collaboration with EDCO the developed and proposed RMF requirements, risk assessment and, finally recommends the implementation of the selected security controls for the AMI profile protection to mitigate the identified cyber risk.

The Impact of Adding Solar Panels on The Wind Turbine Performance During Transient Disturbances

Basel Taha Alkhamis — 2023-09-18

Recently electrical engineers look forward to replace the conventional power grid with a smart grid. This replacement requires massive changes, one of them is the integration of distributed generations and renewable energy sources in the distribution networks of the grid. These changes may affect the transient stability of the grid. In this paper, IEEE 9-bus system is used to perform transient stability analysis for a three-phase fault contingency. A 20 MW wind turbine was installed to study its performance and impact on the transient stability of the system. Then, a 3.6 MW PV station was added to study its impact on the wind turbine performance during the contingency. ETAP® 2016 software is used for simulation. The results show that the critical clearing time (CCT) of the system increases when the wind turbine is added and decreases when the PV station is installed. The impact of PV station on the wind turbine performance is not significant and it mainly affects the reactive power of the wind turbine generator after the fault is cleared.

Future Low Inertia Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Virtual Inertia Emulation Techniques and Inertia Estimation Methods

Tamadur Almomani — 2023-09-25

Abstract. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of future low-inertia power systems, focusing on the challenges posed by increased renewable energy penetration. The impact of low inertia on frequency response and system stability is examined, along with the critical penetration limit for renewable energy sources. The paper reviews various virtual inertia emulation techniques, including virtual synchronous machines, virtual induction machines, and inertia emulation in wind turbines and solar PV panels. Additionally, it explores specific methods such as VISMA, virtual synchronous generator, synchronverter, power synchronization control, and cascade virtual synchronous machine. The review also covers inertia algorithms in wind turbines, encompassing droop control, hidden inertia emulation, fast power reserve, over speed control, and pitch angle control. Furthermore, the paper discusses inertia estimation techniques, including both model-based and measurement-based approaches. The insights provided in this review will assist researchers and practitioners in developing effective solutions for addressing low inertia challenges in future power systems with high renewable energy integration.

Adaptive Active Frequency Drift Islanding Detection for PV Inverters

Khaled Al-Maitah — 2023-09-18

The penetration level of renewable energy resources (RESs), such as photovoltaic (PV) plant and Wind plant (WP), in the power system is increasing exponentially, such plants connected with grid via inverter. This increasing rises from the attention about the undetected islanding operation. The islanding can be defined, according to IEEE std.1547, as a situation in which part of the power system becomes isolated from the rest of the system.

Islanding detection methods (IDMs) are divided into passive and active IDM. Among active IDMs, active frequency drift (AFD) is the most IDM applied in the literatures. AFD bases on injecting a distortion waveform to the original waveform of inverter reference current, this to drift the inverter frequency during islanding event to be out of the nominal range. Due to the distortion waveform high harmonics will be injected to the system. Recently, to decrease this harmonic an improved active frequency drift (IAFD) was presented in the literature. IAFD uses a constant step change in in 2nd and 4th quarters of the inverter reference current. IAFD has lower total harmonic distortion (THD) injected to the system compared with conventional AFD.

Since the non-detection zone (NDZ) has been considered as a performance measure for any IDM. The IAFD method did not introduce any improvement in NDZ over the AFD method. Thus, in this paper an adaptive step change is proposed to improve the performance of IAFD method, where a positive feedback of voltage frequency is used in this work to vary the distortion factor of IAFD. The adaption manner of step change enhances in increasing of injected perturbations during islanding event only. Which, it will reduce the NDZ during islanding event and decrease the injected THD in steady state operation. The proposed method has been theoretically analyzed and modeled using MATLAB/Simulink environment. As a result, the proposed method improves the performance of IAFD regard to the non-detection zone (NDZ).