Mutah Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (MJHSS)

The Spatial Variation and Determinants of Age at First Marriage among Females in Riyadh City

Amani Mohammed Aljohani — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The study aimed to identify the pattern of age at first marriage in Riyadh City, and to analyze its spatial variation along with its demographic, social, and economic determinants. To achieve these objectives, a questionnaire was distributed to a sample of (496) married women. The data were analyzed using various statistical methods, including one-way ANOVA and T-tests. The study yielded several findings, most notably the high percentage of marriages occurring among females aged 18 to less than 25 years. The results further revealed that place of birth, family structure, education level, monthly income, and employment status had statistically significant effects on determining age at first marriage. Specifically, females from nuclear families and those with higher education tended to marry at later ages, whereas females with lower income levels were more likely to marry at younger ages. The results led to several recommendations, including conducting further research on changes in age at first marriage, particularly in light of the social and economic changes occurring in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, especially in Riyadh. Additionally, it recommends carrying out specialized surveys on the determinants of female age at first marriage in Saudi Arabia and examining their effects on social, economic, and health characteristics.

Between Sovereignty and Resistance: Administrative, Economic, and Educational Conditions in Al-Karak and Maʿan in 1880, with Ottoman Documents as the primary source

Safiah al-Salameen, Eman Hayjneh — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The Ottoman archive is a primary resource for the study of the Ottoman administration in the provinces of the empire, particularly in the regions of Al-Karak and Ma'an during the late nineteenth century. The significance of the Ottoman documents lies in their ability to provide detailed insights into the financial, administrative, and security policies adopted by the state, particularly in light of the challenges it confronted in asserting its authority over local tribes. The document under examination, dated to 1880, represents a valuable example for understanding the complex relationship between the Ottoman center and its provincial territories. The study discloses the ineffectiveness of specific reform policies in fostering stability and elucidates the security, economic, and social conditions prevalent in the Karak region. Furthermore, it emphasizes the strategic importance of Al-Karak's geographical location, highlighting its military, commercial, and administrative functions. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the political and administrative transformations in Al-Karak from its incorporation into the Ottoman Empire until the late period of Ottoman rule, emphasizing the continuous changes in its administrative affiliation within the Ottoman administrative structure.

"Technological Determinants of Jordanian Public Universities’ Intention to Adopt E-Government: The Moderating Role of Awareness

Farah Niaz Abdessalam Dala'in — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

E-government is given a lot of weight in the evolution of global information and governance systems. Notwithstanding Jordan’s persistent efforts to promote better public services through the use of e-government, the country’s citizen adoption rate is actually quite low. This emphasizes how critical it is to determine the obstacles keeping people from adopting these easily accessible e-services. The current study examines the relationship between technology factors (relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity) and intention to use e-government. Furthermore, the moderating effect of awareness is also examined. Data were collected from ten public universities in Jordan through a survey questionnaire, which was distributed to 400 lecturers and administrative staff using a stratified random sampling technique. A total of 379 valid responses were received, representing a response rate of approximately 94%. The Smart PLS tool was used to analyse the data. The results revealed that relative advantage and compatibility are strongly associated with intention to use e-government. Similarly, only one of the three indirect effect hypotheses was supported, indicating that awareness moderates the relationship between relative advantage, compatibility, and intention to use e-government. Accordingly, Jordanian public universities should invest in improving their technical infrastructure and maintaining robust cybersecurity to ensure safe and dependable e-government systems. Additionally, implementing targeted training and awareness campaigns will enhance digital literacy, encourage active user engagement, and reduce resistance to change

The Impact of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment: A Comparative Applied Study on a Selected Sample of Arab Countries

Omar Alnajjar, Nahil Saqfalhait, Omar AlZoubi — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study aims to analyze the impact of corruption on foreign direct investment inflows in a sample of ten Arab countries over the period (2013–2021), considering differences across income levels. Panel data techniques were employed, and three econometric models were estimated: the first for all countries, the second for high-income countries, and the third for middle-income countries. The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between corruption and indirect foreign investment across all models, supporting the "Sand-the-Wheel" hypothesis. The findings also showed that the impact of corruption was greater in high-income countries than in middle-income countries. The study highlights the importance of enhancing transparency and improving the investment climate in Arab countries.

Attitudes of Karak Education Directorate Teachers Towards the Use of Educational Electronic Games in Teaching

‪Basil Mbarak Za,al Alqarraleh — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The aim of the research was to investigate the attitudes of teachers in the Karak Education Directorate towards the usage of electronic educational games in teaching in light of some variables. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey method; a stratified random sample from the study population was selected, consisting of 255 male and female teachers. A 30-item scale was developed, and its psychometric properties were verified. The results showed that the general arithmetic mean of the study sample's estimates regarding teachers' attitudes toward the use of electronic games in teaching) 3.73(with a standard deviation of (0.489) indicating a high level of estimation. The results also showed no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05) in the attitudes of Karak teachers towards the use of electronic educational games in teaching, attributed to variables: gender, specialization, and teaching experience, and their interactions. The research concluded that teachers' attitudes towards using electronic games in teaching are positive and high. The researcher recommended Enhancing the the necessity of providing the required technological infrastructure in classes Karak Governorate schools. This includes implementing standardized training programs for all teachers on designing and using educational e-games to transform this into a skill and a practical application

The impact of Digital transformation on the Efficiency of Islamic Banks: The Moderating Role of Sharia quality in Jordanian Islamic Banks

Sami Jamal Aloshaibat, Prof. Dr — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study aimed to analyze the impact of digital transformation in its various dimensions (digital strategy, technologies, digital customer loyalty, culture and organization, operations and services) on the performance efficiency of Jordanian Islamic banks, represented by dimensions (banking marketing efficiency, risk management efficiency, financial engineering efficiency), while testing the role of Sharia quality as a moderating variable in this relationship. The study was applied to a sample of 354 employees working in three Islamic banks: Jordan Islamic Bank, Arab Islamic International Bank, and Safwa Bank. The study used a descriptive analytical approach, and data was collected through a questionnaire and then analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results showed a statistically significant impact of digital transformation in all its dimensions on the performance efficiency of Islamic banks. The interactive relationship also revealed the impact of Sharia quality as a moderating variable in some dimensions, using Bootstrap technology and structural equation modeling. The study recommended establishing a joint unit between financial innovation and Sharia compliance to develop flexible digital products that serve underserved groups, especially young people and entrepreneurs, while ensuring their Sharia compliance

An Assessment of the Process of Digital Transformation in the Jordan Radio and Television Corporation through the Over-the-Top (OTT) Digital Platform Project: A Field Study

Aya Al-Ahmad Salem Al-Omoush — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study aims to assess the experience of the Jordan Radio and Television Corporation in implementing the Over-the-Top (OTT) Digital Platform project. It focuses on the views of the staff involved in the project regarding the stages of implementation, training, the efficiency of the digital systems used, the work environment, the challenges encountered, and the level of coordination among departments. The study also evaluates the impact of the project on the development of the professional performance and examines the role of the partnership with Jordan Media City in strengthening the technical and organizational infrastructure.

This study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach by collecting data using an online questionnaire based on a five-point Likert Scale, in addition to semi-structured interviews. Data were collected during the period extending from May to August 2025. There were 27 participants, all of whom worked in the relevant sections; 70.4% were male and 29.6% were female. Moreover, (70.4%) of the sample held bachelor's degrees, and (66.7%) of them worked in the e-platform/digital and digital media (social media) section. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all areas exceeded 0.70, which indicates the validity and reliability of the measure used. The data obtained from the semi-structured interviews data was also analyzed using thematic analysis.

The research findings indicated that the majority of participants expressed a positive evaluation of the digital platform project. Between 59.3% and 74.1% reported that the project was implemented in a clear and organized manner. Regarding technical support and training, between 63% and 77.8% reported receiving appropriate training that helped them perform their tasks, while 66.6% indicated a need for additional training on systems such as V-Mix and ER-Stream. Furthermore, 77.8% of participants reported that the use of digital systems such as CMS, VMS, and Catch-up helped organize work.

The study concluded that the digital platform project at the Jordan Radio and Television Corporation was a successful and positive experience in terms of software and digital systems, the organization of the work environment, and the development of employees' technical and professional skills. However, significant challenges remain at both the technical and manpower levels. This necessitates the adoption of a comprehensive digital strategy to ensure the sustainability of the platform and to further develop services such as VOD, Smart TV, and Fast TV. Such efforts will help preserve Jordan's media heritage and enhance the corporation's presence in digital media.

Wearing Trousers for Women: between the requirement of modesty during prayer and the Regulations Governing Appearance before Non-Mahram Men: A Comparative Jurisprudential Study

Manal Al babili — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The research aims to clarify the ruling on a woman praying in pants and appearing in them before non-mahram men. Its importance lies in addressing an issue that generates much debate in society, ranging from those who are excessively strict to the point of declaring the prayer of a woman in pants invalid, and condemning all who wear pants as immoral, to those who permit the matter entirely without any restrictions; as well as those who misinterpret the statements of jurists and apply them to reality.

To move away from these extremes, the ruling on the issue has been clarified through a foundational jurisprudential study based on the understanding of respected jurists, away from purely admonitory discourse. This research has shown that a woman's prayer in pants is valid, even if it restricts the 'awrah according to the consensus of the jurists of the schools of thought, provided that the skin does not show through it. Furthermore, a woman appearing in pants before non-mahram men is considered haram by the Hanafi and Maliki schools if it restricts the 'awrah in a way that leads to temptation, as they are akin to naked women; and it is deemed makruh by the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools, emphasizing modesty in its linguistic sense and prioritizing the literal meaning over the metaphorical. It is understood from the hadith about "dressed yet naked" that it refers to those whose skin color or parts of it show, not those whose 'awrah is outlined; and there is no necessary connection between the differences in the 'awrah and its limits in prayer and outside of prayer and the covering. Likewise, there is no necessary connection between the covering that restricts the 'awrah and the gaze of foreign men upon it. It is prohibited for a non-mahram, and even for a mahram, to look at her if the gaze arouses lust. This is different from when skin color appears, which is prohibited for the woman in all cases, even if there is no one looking at her. Despite this disagreement, the view of those who declare it haram aligns with the objectives of Sharia due to the corruption of the times

Assessing the Accuracy of Outcome-Based Assessment Decisions Using the Two-Parameter IRT Model (2PL): An Applied Framework for Concentrating Test Information at Critical Cut Scores

Sami Salameh Almassarweh, Mohammad A. Abumaal — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This study aimed to examine the precision of assessment decisions in an Outcome-Based Education (OBE) context by calibrating a 40-item True/False test designed to measure five specific learning outcomes using the 2PL-IRT model. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach using a census sample of 275 students at a private university in Jordan. The selection of the 2PL model was intended to ensure stable parameter estimation given the sample size, with a focus on the parameters of discrimination (a) and difficulty (b). The results indicated that the items had discrimination indices ranging from 1.18 to 2.10 and difficulty parameters from -1.10 to 1.60, reflecting their effectiveness in differentiating students with varying ability levels. However, the TIF function revealed that maximum measurement precision was centered at the average ability level (θ ≈ 0), rather than at the cut score required in OBE contexts. Fit analyses showed that most items conformed to the model assumptions, although items q10, q20, and q24 displayed significant p-value deviations. The study concludes that traditional tests, despite possessing sound psychometric properties, may functionally fail to support critical “mastery” decisions and therefore recommends redesigning the item difficulty distribution to align with decision thresholds rather than with the mean ability level

Yemen under the Shadow of the Caliphate: Pro-Ottoman Historical Writing - Narratives of Power and Identity

Salameh AL.Naimat — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

This paper examines pro-Ottoman historical writing in Yemen during the 16th and 17th centuries. It analyzes key texts-such as al-Barq al-Yamānī by al-Nahrawālī, al-Futūḥāt al-Murādiyya by Ibn Dāʿir, and al-Iḥsān by al-Mawzaʿī-that portray the Ottoman Empire as a legitimate Islamic power and the Zaydi imams as rebels. These works function not only as chronicles, but also as ideological instruments that sought to reinforce Ottoman political legitimacy in the region. The study highlights the ways in which historical narratives were shaped by religious and political competition. It also finds that some texts, while overwhelmingly supportive, contain subtle critiques of the administration of the Ottoman state and the practices of some of its local governors. The study calls for a critical reading of these sources in order to understand their role in shaping historical memory and political authority in Ottoman Yemen